#Architect design house series#

#Architect design house series#

Henri Sauvage added another construction innovation in an apartment building on Rue Vavin in Paris (1912–1914) the reinforced concrete building was in steps, with each floor set back from the floor below, creating a series of terraces.

The first concrete apartment buildings by Perret and Sauvage were covered with ceramic tiles, but in 1905 Perret built the first concrete parking garage on 51 rue de Ponthieu in Paris here the concrete was left bare, and the space between the concrete was filled with glass windows. Reinforced concrete, which could be molded into any shape, and which could create enormous spaces without the need of supporting pillars, replaced stone and brick as the primary material for modernist architects. In 1903–1904 in Paris Auguste Perret and Henri Sauvage began to use reinforced concrete, previously only used for industrial structures, to build apartment buildings. Īrchitects also began to experiment with new materials and techniques, which gave them greater freedom to create new forms. In Barcelona, Antonio Gaudi conceived architecture as a form of sculpture the façade of the Casa Battlo in Barcelona (1904–1907) had no straight lines it was encrusted with colorful mosaics of stone and ceramic tiles. The Art Nouveau style was launched in the 1890s by Victor Horta in Belgium and Hector Guimard in France it introduced new styles of decoration, based on vegetal and floral forms. The Glasgow School of Art (1896–99) designed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh, had a façade dominated by large vertical bays of windows. The Glass Pavilion in Cologne by German architect Bruno Taut (1914)Īt the end of the 19th century, a few architects began to challenge the traditional Beaux Arts and Neoclassical styles that dominated architecture in Europe and the United States. Another important technology for the new architecture was electric light, which greatly reduced the inherent danger of fires caused by gas in the 19th century. A further important step forward was the invention of the safety elevator by Elisha Otis, first demonstrated at the New York Crystal Palace exposition in 1854, which made tall office and apartment buildings practical. In 1853 Coagent built the first iron reinforced concrete structure, a four-story house in the suburbs of Paris. These developments together led to the first steel-framed skyscraper, the ten-story Home Insurance Building in Chicago, built in 1884 by William Le Baron Jenney and based on the works of Viollet le Duc.įrench industrialist François Coignet was the first to use iron-reinforced concrete, that is, concrete strengthened with iron bars, as a technique for constructing buildings. The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an early example of iron and plate glass construction, followed in 1864 by the first glass and metal curtain wall. The cast plate glass process was invented in 1848, allowing the manufacture of very large windows. The revolution in materials came first, with the use of cast iron, drywall, plate glass, and reinforced concrete, to build structures that were stronger, lighter, and taller. Modern architecture emerged at the end of the 19th century from revolutions in technology, engineering, and building materials, and from a desire to break away from historical architectural styles and to invent something that was purely functional and new. According to Le Corbusier the roots of the movement were to be found in the works of Eugène Viollet le duc. It emerged in the first half of the 20th century and became dominant after World War II until the 1980s, when it was gradually replaced as the principal style for institutional and corporate buildings by postmodern architecture. Modern architecture, or modernist architecture, was an architectural movement or architectural style based upon new and innovative technologies of construction, particularly the use of glass, steel, and reinforced concrete the idea that form should follow function ( functionalism) an embrace of minimalism and a rejection of ornament. Top: Villa Savoye, France, by Le Corbusier (1927) Empire State Building, New York, by Shreve, Lamb & Harmon (1931)Ĭenter: Palácio do Planalto, Brasilia, by Oscar Niemeyer (1960) Fagus Factory, Germany, by Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer (1911–1913)īottom: Fallingwater, Pennsylvania, by Frank Lloyd Wright (1935) Sydney Opera House, Sydney, Australia, by Jørn Utzon (1973)